judge

n. a public official authorized to decide questions bought before a court of justice — see magistrate

  The trial court judge ruled as a matter of law that the game of professional football was/is violent in nature, and that the only available sanctions were penalties and game expulsion.

n.b. The verb to express the action of judges is usually to hold, to rule, or to decide.

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judgment

n. the final decision of the judge stating which party has won the case and the terms of the decision (US) The ruling or decision of a court - the result, as opposed to the reasons given for the result. In the US, the term "decision" is often used when judgment would be used in the UK.
  The judgment of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) of 29 April 2004 in IMS marks an important new phase in the developing EU case law concerning the relation between competition law and intellectual property.

 

judicial review

n.(US) The power of a court to judge the constitutionality of the laws of a government or the acts of a government official ;
(UK) A form of legal action in which the court assesses the legality of something done by government, including administrative decisions and the adoption of secondary legislation.

  In the U.S., the doctrine of judicial review is often said to have begun with the landmark Supreme Court case of Marbury v. Madison.

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jurisdiction — CAREFUL this is a false friend
n.(1) The legal authority of a court to hear and decide a case

  Which court has jurisdiction in a particular case must be decided on various grounds and not be determined merely by which court heard the matter first.
(2) the geographic area over which the court has authority to decide cases;
(3) the territory, subject matter, or persons over which lawful authority may be exercised by a court.

  It is a felony in this jurisdiction to pack a parachute while under the influence of alcohol.

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jury

n. A group of citizens picked according to law and authorized to decide the facts of a case
civil ~ (US) - trier of fact in civil cases such as those involving negligence, fraud. (In the U.K. a civil jury exists only for cases concerning libel.)
criminal ~ - trier of fact in criminal cases
grand ~ - body of citizens that determines whether probable cause exists that a crime has been committed and whether an indictment should be issued

juror n. - a member of a jury

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